Tổng hợp các công thức hóa học từ lớp 8 đến 12

Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti formula yamankhwala ndi chiyani?

Chemical formula ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira chidziwitso cha zinthu zomwe zili mu mankhwala, ndi kufotokoza zomwe zimachitika. Chilinganizo chilichonse chimamangidwa ndi tsatanetsatane wake, kumangotengera mawonekedwe a pawiri, kuwonetsa zenizeni zapawiri kapena momwe zimachitikira.

Mu chemistry, kunja mankhwala opangira wa zinthu ndi mankhwala, amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zina zofunika monga kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho, kusungunuka kwa zinthu, valency, … kuwerengera ndi kuthetsa mavuto mu chemistry.

Ma formula a Chemistry a giredi 8, 9 kukumbukira

Asanalowe mu pulogalamu ya chemistry 10, ophunzira ayenera kumvetsetsa ndikumvetsetsa zofunikira za chemistry kusukulu ya sekondale (makamaka, chidziwitso cha chemistry 8 ndi 9). Ichi ndiye maziko oti aphunzire ndikukulitsa chidziwitso mankhwala opangira Gulu la 10.

Nayi chidule cha ma formula a mankhwala a giredi 8 ndi 9 omwe ophunzira ayenera kuloweza:

Fomula ya nambala ya moles:

n = m/mku

M’menemo:

• n ndi chiwerengero cha moles (gawo: mole).
• M ndi molar mass (gawo: m/mol).
• m ndi kulemera (gawo: g).

Kupatula apo, pali mitundu ina yomwe imathandizanso kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa timadontho ta chinthu. Kutengera kuyesera komanso kuchuluka kwavuto, ophunzira atha kugwiritsa ntchito mafomuwa mosinthasintha. Komabe, kawirikawiri, ma formula a molar awa amachokera kumayendedwe oyambira a chemistry mu giredi 8 ndi 9.

Mwachitsanzo:ku

Fomula yowerengera peresenti:

M’menemo:

• C% ndi kuchuluka kwa ndende.
• m_ct ndi unyinji wa solute.
• m_dd ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho.
• m_dd = m_ct + m_dm (m_dm ndiye kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira).

Fomula yowerengera molarity:

M’menemo:

• AKALE_USA ndi molar ndende.
• n_ct ndi chiwerengero cha moles wa solute.
• jambulani_dd ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho (gawo: malita).

Misa formula:

$$m=n.USA$$

M’menemo:

• m ndi misa.
• n ndi chiwerengero cha moles.
• M ndi molar mass.

Chidule cha ma formula a giredi 10 pamutu

Chemical Formulas Maphunzirowa atsagana nanu pophunzira za chemistry mu giredi 10-11-12. Tsatanetsatane wa ma formula a giredi 10 mumutu uliwonse pansipa zikuthandizani kukonza chidziwitso chofunikira ndikulemba kukumbukira nthawi yayitali.

Mutu 1: Atomu

• Chiwerengero cha mayunitsi a nyukiliya (Z) = chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi (E) = chiwerengero cha mapulotoni (P) (Z = E= P).
• Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nyukiliyasi (A) = chiwerengero cha ma neutroni (N) + chiwerengero cha ma protoni (P) (A = N + P = N + Z).

Mutu 2: The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements ndi Periodic Law

M’mutu uno muyang’ana kwambiri kawerengedwe ndikuwunikanso ma formula a kuchuluka kwa ma protoni, ma elekitironi, ndi ma neutroni. Makamaka:

• No. selo = nambala ya atomiki (Z) = chiwerengero cha mapulotoni (P) = chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi (E).
• Palibe nthawi = chiwerengero cha zipolopolo za electron.
• Palibe gulu = chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi a valence.

Mutu 3: Kugwirizana kwa Chemical

Njira yowerengera misa, kachulukidwe ndi utali wa atomiki:

M’menemo:

• D ndiye kuchuluka kwa atomu
• jambulani_mol ndi kuchuluka kwa atomu.

Fomula ya kuchuluka kwa atomu:

Electronegativity ndi Chemical bond formulas:

Tchulani zophatikizidwira ndi formula yodziwika: A_xChotsani_y

Kusiyana kwa Electronegativity:

Mutu 4: Oxidation – kuchepetsa kachitidwe

• Lamulo la kasungidwe ka ma elekitironi likufotokozedwa motere: n_e zokolola = n_e landira.

Mutu 5: Gulu la Halogen

Njira yowonjezerera ndikuchepetsa misa: Zimatengera kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zomwe zimachita.

Mutu 6: Oxygen – Sulfure

Njira yowerengera kuchuluka kwa mchere wa sulphate womwe umapezeka mukasungunula chitsulo chosakaniza ndi H₂SO₄ kuchepetsa HO kumasulidwa₂:

Chilinganizo chowerengera kuchuluka kwa mchere wa sulphate womwe umapezeka mukasungunula chitsulo chosakaniza ndi H.₂Kuchepetsa SO4:

Njira yowerengera kuchuluka kwa mchere wa sulphate womwe umapezeka mukasungunula kusakaniza kwazitsulo ndi H.₂SO₄ wandiweyani, zotentha zotulutsa SO₂s, surname₂S:

Fomula yogwiritsidwa ntchito pavuto la SO gasi conduction₂ (kapena surname₂S) mu alkaline solution:

• T ≥ 2: imapanga mchere wosalowerera.
• T ≤ 1: mchere wa asidi okha ndi omwe amapangidwa.
• 1

Kumene: m tank = m absorber

Ngati pali mphepo pambuyo pa zomwe zimachitika:

• m_dd phindu = m absorber – m precipitate
• m_dd kuchepetsa = m precipitate – m absorber

Mutu 7: Rate of Reaction – Chemical Equilibrium

• Mawu akuti rate of reaction ndi awa:

mA + nB → pC + qD

• Mawu akuti velocity amawerengedwa motere:

v = k.[A]^m.[B]ⁿ

M’menemo:

• k ndiye kuchuluka kwanthawi zonse (kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse).
• [A], [B] ndi kuchuluka kwa molar wa zinthu A ndi B.

Mapangidwe a mankhwala a kalasi 10, kalasi 11, kalasi 12 za organic mankhwala

Kusukulu ya sekondale, ophunzira amakumana ndi njira zovuta kwambiri. Makamaka, mafomu okhudzana ndi organic compounds nthawi zonse amakhala “zolemetsa zamuyaya”. Pansi apa, Chikalata chophunzirira Wokhutitsidwa Gwirizanitsani ma formula onse a Chemistry a giredi 10, 11 ndi 12 ayenera kukumbukira kuwathandiza kuphunzira mosavuta.

Ma formula onse a saturated, monofunctional, open-chain ester: AKALE_nH_2nO₂ (n≥2)

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−2

Chitsanzo: Ester yopanda unsaturated, openchetch ester compound with chemical formula C₂H₄O₂ pali 2.2 – 2 = 1 isomer.

Chinsinsi generalization wa Amine wokhutitsidwa, wosagwira ntchito, wotseguka: AKALE_nH_{2 n+3}AKAZI

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−1 (n<5)

Chitsanzo: Ma amino okhutitsidwa, ma monomers otseguka okhala ndi formula yamankhwala C₂H₇N ili ndi 2,2 − 1 = 2 isomers.

Chinsinsi General wa alkanes: AKALE_nH_2n+2

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−4+1

Chinsinsi Chidule cha ma hydrocarbon onunkhira: CnH2n−6

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers omwe ali benzene homologues: (n−6)²

Chinsinsi generalization ya monofunctional phenols: AKALE_nH_{2 (n−6)}O

Chiwerengero cha ma isomer: 3n−6

Chinsinsi generalization ya mowa, monofunctional: AKALE_nH_2n+2O

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−2 (n<6)

Chinsinsi generalization ya aldehydes ayi, monofunctional: AKALE_nH_2nO

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−3 (n<7)

Chinsinsi generalization wa ziwiya carboxylic zidulo, monofunctional: AKALE_nH_2nO₂

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−3 (n<7)

Chinsinsi generalization wa monounsaturated amine: AKALE_nH_{2 n+3}AKAZI

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: 2n−1 (n<5)

AbitiDzukani mwachidule ma amino acid, odzaza (ndi gulu 1 ANG’ONO)₂ ndi 1 COOH gulu):_nH_(2n+1)O₂AKAZI

Chiwerengero cha ma isomers: (n!−1) (n<5)

Chiwerengero cha triesters chopangidwa ndi glycerol ndi chisakanizo cha n mafuta acids:

Number of tryestes = n²(n+1)/2

Chinsinsi Kuchulukitsa kwa ma ketones odzaza, mayunitsi odzaza: AKALE_nH_2nO

Chiwerengero cha Ketoni: (n−2)(n−3)/2

Onani zambiri: Mayeso a Chemistry a semester yoyamba ya kalasi 12 m’chigawo cha Bac Giang

Njira zoloweza pamtima ma formula a mankhwala omwe muyenera kuyesa

Ndithudi aliyense amene amaphunzira umagwirira adzakhala zovuta kukumbukira mawerengedwe zilinganizo kapena mayina a zinthu mankhwala, etc. Choncho, pakhala njira zambiri zothandiza kuloweza wobadwa ndi zilandiridwenso. Nazi njira 4 zosavuta komanso zothandiza zomwe mungatchule.

1. Gwiritsani ntchito ndakatulo ndi nyimbo kuti mukumbukire

Chitsanzo: Ndakatulo yachiganizo cha 4 yokumbukira zinthu zomwe zili mu tebulo la periodic:

Chete Sunset Madzulo Mithunzi
-H – Iye – Li – Khalani – B – C –
Sunny Side ya Mountain Super Light Colour
-N – O – F- Ne – Na -Mg -Al -Si-
Mphepo Idakali Yamdima ndipo Utsi Wamasana
-P—— S —– Cl — Ar — K — Ca
Nyenyezi za Mitambo ndi Muong Fong
Sc— Ti —V — Cr— Mn—– Fe— Co —– Ni

2. Gwiritsani ntchito kukumbukira kwachiyambi kuloweza dongosolo, dzina

Mu organic chemistry:

• Methane, Ethane, Proban, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonan, Decan.

– Zoyambira mu organic chemistry ndi: Met – Et – Prop – Koma – Cholembera – Hex – Hept – Oct – Non – Dec.

– Momwe mungakumbukire: “Mayi anga amayenera kuthira feteleza wamankhwala m’munda” kapena “Maso anga amawala dzuwa likamalowa.”

Kumbukirani mndandanda wazitsulo wa chemical reactivity

• Zochita za Chemical zochita zazitsulo: K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au. Momwe mungakumbukire: “Mukafunika kusoka zida zachitsulo, kumbukirani kupita kumsewu ndikufunsa shopu ya Ao Phi Au”.
• K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au. Momwe mungakumbukire: “Mukamufuna kuti asoke zida zachitsulo, kumbukirani kupita kumsewu ndikukafunsa shopu ya A Phi Au” kapena “Banja lonse likasoka zida zachitsulo, kumbukirani kupita kumsewu wowotcherera wamtundu waku Asia-Africa. “.
• – Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au. Momwe mungakumbukire: “Zikakhala zovuta, amamufuna kuti asoke malaya amtundu wankhondo ndi chitsulo, kumbukirani kupita kutawuni yogulitsira yamtundu wa A Phi Au”.

Kumbukirani zinthu zazikulu zamagulu

• Gulu IA: Li – Na – K – Rb – Cs – Fr: Sindinakhale ndi nthawi yowonera makanema kwakanthawi.
• Gulu II: Be-Mg-Ca-Sr-Ba-Ra: Mwana Wokhala Ndi Fly Gun
• Gulu IIA: Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra: Banh Mouth, Nsomba, Ng’ona, Kuthyoka, Dzino.
• Gulu IIIA : B Al Ga Mu Ti: Agogo, Ndinatenga , Nkhuku , Mkati , Firiji.
• Gulu IVA: C Si Ge Sn Pb: Amalume , Wogulitsa malonda, Ndiyimbireni , Pitani mukamwe , Msuzi wa Noodle wa Ng’ombe.
• Gulu VA: NP Monga Sb Bi: Nun, Wachivundi, Wachisoni, Wachisoni, Bi.
• Gulu VIA: OS Se Te Po: Agogo, Nenani, snitch, kugwa, kukwawa.
• Gulu VIIA : F Cl Br I At: Inde , Chi , Khalani , Ieu , m’bale.
• Gulu VIIIA : He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn : Hang , Nga , Eat , Khuc , Bone , Dragon.

3. Nthawi zonse chitani mafunso ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi

Muloweza pamtima ndikuyeserera luso komanso kuwongolera liwiro lanu mukamagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro anu kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe mwaphunzira. Panthawiyo, njira monga kuwerengera ndende ya molar, ndende ya yankho, ndi zina zotero zidzasungidwa mu ubongo chifukwa zimabwerezedwa nthawi zambiri pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, mukulitsa malingaliro anu oyesa mayeso ndipo mutha kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano.

Onani zambiri: Mayeso a National High School Chemistry 2022

4. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zolemba, mapu amalingaliro, flashcard…

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba, mamapu amalingaliro, flashcards … ndi njira yophunzirira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaphunziro ambiri, osati chemistry. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwake komanso kuphweka, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense. Pakafunika kuloweza pamtima mitundu yambiri yamankhwala, zithunzi zofotokozera komanso zazifupi, zomveka zidzakuthandizani kukumbukira ndikumvetsetsa phunziroli mwachangu kuposa njira yachikhalidwe yophunzirira.

Zochita zina zothandiza

Yankhani

Funso 1: a

Funso 2: a

Funso 3:d

Funso 4:d

Funso 5: b

Funso 6: b

Pamwambapa, Zida Zophunzirira zapanga mitundu yonse yamankhwala kuyambira giredi 12 mpaka giredi 12 mwatsatanetsatane kuti ophunzira azigwiritsa ntchito ndikulozera. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi pa chemistry ikuthandizani pakuphunzira kwanu.

Lowani Gulu Zophunzirira kuti mupeze mafunso anu a mayeso ndi zida!

Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira amatha kutsitsa mafayilo a PDF Pano.